LANGUAGE

MAU SUKSES BELAJAR , YA BELAJAR!! JANGAN LUPA SHOLAT

Bonus Anda

Sabtu, 25 April 2009

melaknat

Melaknat
Jauhilah sifat melaknat, apalagi kita bangsa Indonesia baru saja melaksanakan Pemilihan umum untuk menentukan anggota Legislatif atau terkenal dengan istilah PILEG (pemilihan legislatif). Kita tak boleh melaknat terhadap binatang, benda apalagi terhadap manusia, sebab semua itu termasuk dalam sifat tercela yang timbulnya dari lidah. “ sesungguhnya tukang laknat itu tidak akan jadi ahli syafaat dan tidak jadi saksi –saksi pada hari kiamat”. (HR. Muslim)
Tukang laknat tidak akan bias diambil syafaatnya dan tidak mendapatkan syfaat pada hari kiamat nanti. Juga tidak bisa dijadikan saksi, saksi di dunia dan akhirat, sebab tukang laknat tergolong fasik dan meremehkan agama. “orang mukmin itu bukanlah seorang yang tukang malaknati” (HR. Imam Tirmidzi).
Yang dimaksud melaknati ialah mengatakan bahwa seseorang yang dituju itu benar-benar diusir, dienyahkan dan dijauhkan dari rahmat Allah. Menetapkan pelaknatan kepada seseorang itu sama memiliki sifat atau melakukan sesuatu perbuatan yang nyata-nyata dapat menjauhkan dirinya dari Allah Azza Wa Jalla yaitu melakukan kekafiran dan kezaliman. Melaknati seseorang fasik yang tertentu adalah berbahaya juga, maka dari itu sebaiknya kita bindari saja serta janganlah dijadikan sifat pada diri anda, sekalipun dalam melaknatinya itu setelah ia meninggal dunia, bahkan bahaya itu akan bias lebih hebat lagi, sekiranya dengan demikian akan menyakiti perasaan orang-orang yang masih hidup seperti keluarganya, keturunannnya dan lain-lain sebagainya.
“Janganlah memaki-maki orang yang telah mati karena akan menyakiti orang-orang yang masih hidup” (HR. Tirmidzi). Hampir serupa dengan pengertian melaknati itu ialah mendokan seseorang dengan doa yang buruk dan sekalipun yang didoakan itu nyata-nyata seorang yang zalim. Cara berdoa yang demikian ini adalah tercela sekali. “sesungguhnya orang-orang yang dianiaya itu niscaya mendo’akan kepada seorang penganiaya, sehingga ia akan dipenuhi dosanya” (HR. Tirmidzi).
Sifat-sifat yang membawa kepada kutukan itu ada tiga :
1. Kufur
2. Bid’ah dan
3. Fasik
Dan untuk kutukan/laknat pada masing-masing yang tiga kali, ada tiga tingkat :
Tingkat pertama : kutukan dengan sifat yang lebih umum, seperti : “kutukan Allah atas orang-orang pembuat bid’ah dan orang-orang fasik”
Tingkat kedua : kutukan dengan sifat-sifat yang lebih khusus, seperti : “ Kutukan Allah atas orang-orang Yahudi, Nasrani, majusi. Atau atas orang-orang pezina, orang-orang zalim dan pemakan riba”. Dan setiap yang demikian boleh. Akan tetapi pada mengutuk sifat-sifat orang yang berbuat bid’ah itu berbahaya. Karena mengenai bid’ah itu sulit.
Tingkat ketiga: kutukan bagi orang tertentu. Dan hal ini sangat berbahaya, seperti engkau katakana : si Fulan yang dikutuk oleh Allah. Dia itu kafir dan fasik atau pembuat bid’ah.
Jelasnya, mengenai hal tersebut di atas, ialah bahwa tiap-tiap orang yang etlah tegas terkutuknya dalam agama, maka bolehlah mengutukinya. Seperti engakau katakan :
‘ Fir’aun yang dikutuk oleh Allah. Dan Abu Jahal yang dilaknat oleh Allah”. Oelh karena tegas dan jelas, bahwa mereka itu mati dan kekufuran. Dan yang demikian itu telah diketahui oleh agama atau sudah ada pernyataan dalam agama.

Pemanfaatan dan Pelestarian Perairan Laut

Pemanfaatan dan Pelestarian Perairan Laut
Manfaat wilayah perairan laut dalam kaitannya dengan kehidupan manusia dan makhluk lain dapat di rinci secara sederhana di bawah ini :
1. Sebagai pembangkit tenaga, Arus laut dapat meringankan tenaga perahu. Dengan adanya arus perahu dapat meluncur dengan tidak usah mengeluarkan tenaga. Selain itu gerak pasang surut air laut juga dapat menimbulkan gelombang, perbandingan antara puncak gelombang dan lembah gelombang dapat digunaka untuk memompa air lau ke bak penampung selanjutnya dari bak penampung dapat digunakan untuk menggerakkan turbin.
2. Sebagai lahan perikanan, hasil tangkapan dan budidaya laut dapat memberi kehidupan kepada para nelayan atau masyarakat pesisir. Berbagai jenis ikan, kerang, kepiting, tiram, rumput laut, penyu dan sebagainya.
3. Sebagai prasarana perhubungan dan pengangkutan, laut merupakan prasarana lalulintas air yang sangat murah, karena hampir tidak diperlukan biaya pembuatan dan pemeliharaan.
4. Sebagai tempat rekreasi, Pantai Teleng, Pantai Ria Pacitan, Parangtritis, Ancol, Bunaken dan lain sebagainya.
5. Sebagai pertahanan dan keamanan, laut merupakan tempat pertahanan dan keamanan, kapal laut dapat menjaga keamanan dan dan pertahanan suatu wilayah Negara.
6. Sebagai pengatur iklim, perbedaan sifat fisik air laut dansifat fisik daratan dapat menimbulkan gerakan udara atau di sebut dengan angin. Bersama-sama dengan angin tersebut, makauap air laut terbawa dan dapat menyejukkan atau memanaskan tempat yang dilalui serta dapat menimbulkan turunnya hujan.
7. Sebagai lahan pertanian laut (revolusi biru), permukaan laut jauh lebih luas daripada daratan, sehingga produksi bahan pangan dan pertanian nabati dari laut dapat berproduksi lebih banyak lagi. Pada saat ini sedang dikembangkan rumput laut dan spesies plankton yang unggul dan cocok untuk dibudidayakan dalam pertanian laut.
Pedoman Pelestarian Laut menurut Konferensi Hukum Laut 1984
1. Dalam memanfaatkan sumber daya laut harus diperhitungkan proses pengembangan alam agar sumber daya laut tidak habis
2. Vitalitas sumber daya samudera harus dilestarikan
3. Pengetahuan mengenai kehidupan di laut harus ditingkatkan
4. Kebijaksanaan samudera harus meliputi dunia
5. Kebijaksanaan samudera harus mencakup semua system air tawar, atmosfer, dan samudera.
6. Lalulintas samudera harus aman dan tertib.
7. Harus dibentuk satu otorita saumudera dunia
8. Samudera harus digunakan untuk perdamaian bukan untuk perang
9. Semua Negara harus memikul tanggungjawab menjadi penjaga, pengelola, sumber daya bahan mineral, ikan dan lainsebagainya atas perairan lepas pantai sampai 200 mil yang telah ditetapkan.

Jumat, 24 April 2009

Manusia dan Air

Manusia dan Air
Manusia merupakan makhluk ciptaan Allah SWT. Yang paling sempurna, mengapa paling sempurna ? karena manusia dilengkapi oleh sang pencipta dengan cipta, rasa dan karsa serta akal dan pikiran. Menurut para ahli biologi, tubuh manusia di dominasi oleh zat cair yang di dominasi oleh unsur air.
Sejauh manakah air mempengaruhi kehidupan manusia ? mari kita tengok sejarah penciptaan manusia. Manusia pertama kali diciptakan oleh sang Kholiq dari segumpal tanah yang dibentuk sedemikian rupa (berbentuk manusia) dan ditiupkan Ruh suci dari yang Maha Kuasa, serta dibekali akal pikiran, bukan hanya sekedaqr otak saja.
Tanah dapat dibentuk jikalau ada unsur air didalamnya. Ingat tanah menurut ilmu tanah terbentuk dari batuan yang lapuk dan terdapat unsur-unsur haranya. Pelapukan batuan hanya dapat terjadi jikalau ada unsur air di dalamnya sebagai zat pelarut utama. Dalam hal ini air berperan penting sekali. Perhatikan skema sederhana berikut ini.
Batuan +air  larut tanah .
Tanah + air  Zat-zat organic  tanah yang siap ditumbuhi tanamanan
Sekarang mari kita kaji secara singkat peranan air terhadap manusia secara umum :
1. Tubuh manusia sebagian besar terdiri dari zat cair
2. Zat cair sebagian besar berasal dari unsur air
3. Air di dalam tubuh manusia mempunyai peran penting, diantaranya adalah untuk proses metabolism
4. Air di dalam tubuh manusia berperan untuk mepertahankan kondisi / suhu tubuh
5. Air yang ada di dalam tubuh manusia berfungsi untuk menjaga kelembaban dan kelancaran proses metabolism.
Kelembaban dan kelancaran proses metabolism sangat tergantung dengan air dan oksigen.
Apabila di dalam tubuh manusia kekurangan cairan maka akan terjadi hal-hal sebagai berikut :
1. Merasa haus
2. Suhu tubuh meningkat
3. Kerja ginjal dan empedu terganggu
4. Kantong kemih terganggu
5. Saraf terganggu
6. Proses respirasi /pernapasan terganggu
7. Oksigen ke otak tidak lancer
8. Tekanan darah tak stabil
9. Terjadi gangguan kejiwaan/ emotional
Dari uraian di atas maka dapat kita ambil hikmahnya antara lain :
1. Jangan menggunakan air secara berlebihan
2. Jangan menebang pohon secara tak terencana, karena akar pohon dapat menahan dan memproses air menjadi lebih baik bersih dan higienes
3. Jangan mencemari sungai selokan,danau,rawa , situ, laut, dan perairan lainnya
4. Stop penebangan hutan
5. Tumbuhkan dan laksanakan gerakan menanam pohon
6. Tebang pohon dengan cara bijaksana
7. Stop perambahan lahan pertanian, perkebunan, perikanan, dan hutan untuk kegiatan yang sifatnya menghilangkan kawasan tersebut
8. Rawat dan pelihara pusat-pusat mata air
9. Jadikan pusat mata air sebagai daerah / kawasan yang dilindungi.
10. Save our earth

Naik Haji tak Bisa lihat Ka'bah

TUJUH KALI NAIK HAJI TIDAK BISA MELIHAT KA BAH (1)

October 31st, 2008 by salam

Sebagai seorang anak yang berbakti kepada orang tuanya, Hasan (bukan nama sebenarnya), mengajak ibunya untuk menunaikan rukun Islam yang kelima.

Sarah (juga bukan nama sebenarnya), sang Ibu, tentu senang dengan ajakan anaknya itu. Sebagai muslim yang mampu secara materi, mereka memang berkewajiban menunaikan ibadah Haji.

Segala perlengkapan sudah disiapkan. Singkatnya ibu anak-anak ini akhirnya berangkat ke tanah suci. Kondisi keduanya sehat wal afiat, tak kurang satu apapun. Tiba harinya mereka melakukan thawaf dengan hati dan niat ikhlas menyeru panggilan Allah, Tuhan Semesta Alam. “Labaik allahuma labaik, aku datang memenuhi seruanMu ya Allah”.

Hasan menggandeng ibunya dan berbisik, “Ummi undzur ila Ka’bah (Bu, lihatlah Ka’bah).” Hasan menunjuk kepada bangunan empat persegi berwarna hitam itu. Ibunya yang berjalan di sisi anaknya tak beraksi, ia terdiam. Perempuan itu sama sekali tidak melihat apa yang ditunjukkan oleh anaknya.

Hasan kembali membisiki ibunya. Ia tampak bingung melihat raut wajah ibunya. Di wajah ibunya tampak kebingungan. Ibunya sendiri tak mengerti mengapa ia tak bisa melihat apapun selain kegelapan. beberapakali ia mengusap-usap matanya, tetapi kembali yang tampak hanyalah kegelapan.

Padahal, tak ada masalah dengan kesehatan matanya. Beberapa menit yang lalu ia masih melihat segalanya dengan jelas, tapi mengapa memasuki Masjidil Haram segalanya menjadi gelap gulita. Tujuh kali Haji Anak yang sholeh itu bersimpuh di hadapan Allah. Ia shalat memohon ampunan-Nya. Hati Hasan begitu sedih. Siapapun yang datang ke Baitullah, mengharap rahmatNYA. Terasa hampa menjadi tamu Allah, tanpa menyaksikan segala kebesaran-Nya, tanpa merasakan kuasa-Nya dan juga rahmat-Nya.

Hasan tidak berkecil hati, mungkin dengan ibadah dan taubatnya yang sungguh-sungguh, Ibundanya akan dapat merasakan anugrah-Nya, dengan menatap Ka’bah, kelak. Anak yang saleh itu berniat akan kmebali membawa ibunya berhaji tahun depan. Ternyata nasib baik belum berpihak kepadanya.

Tahun berikutnya kejadian serupa terulang lagi. Ibunya kembali dibutakan di dekat Ka’bah, sehingga tak dapat menyaksikan bangunan yang merupakan symbol persatuan umat Islam itu. Wanita itu tidak bisa melihat Ka’bah.

Hasan tidak patah arang. Ia kembali membawa ibunya ke tanah suci tahun berikutnya.

Anehnya, ibunya tetap saja tak dapat melihat Ka’bah. Setiap berada di Masjidil Haram, yang tampak di matanya hanyalah gelap dan gelap. Begitulah keganjilan yang terjadi pada diri Sarah. hingga kejadian itu berulang sampai tujuh kali menunaikan ibadah haji.

Rabu, 22 April 2009

Sungai

River
I INTRODUCTION

River, any body of fresh water flowing from an upland source to a large lake or to the sea, fed by such sources as springs and tributary streams. The main parts of a river include a channel, in which the water flows, and a floodplain—a flat region of a valley on either side of the channel. Through the channel and floodplain, water and sediment—material transported by the river, such as sand and silt—are transferred from ridges and mountains to the sea or to a lake. A river starts on hillsides as small channels, or rills. The rills combine to make larger channels or tributaries that eventually come together, forming distinct streams. The largest channels formed by this convergence of tributaries are rivers, and they can carry large quantities of fresh water and sediment across continents.

Large rivers are located on every continent. The longest river on Earth is the Nile River in Africa, with a length of 6,695 km (4,160 mi) from its headwaters in Burundi to its mouth at the Mediterranean Sea. The Nile River basin covers an area of 3,349,000 sq km (1,293,000 sq mi). The Amazon River in South America carries the largest amount of water and runs for a length of 6,400 km (4,000 mi). This single river contributes 20 percent of the river water that flows into the world’s oceans. The Yellow River (or Huang He) in China gets its name from the yellow sediments of the soils of central China, and it carries the largest amount of sediment to the ocean. The Yellow River is the second longest river in China, at 5,500 km (3,400 mi), after the Yangtze, which is 6,300 km (3,900 mi) long.

Since the continents formed millions of years ago, rivers have been important geologic forces as conveyors of water and sediment. The rise of human civilization is intimately linked to rivers for access to drinking water, irrigation, transportation, and fisheries. People have irrevocably altered the landscape by maintaining rivers for navigation, constructing irrigation works, and building dams for hydroelectric power generation. Scientists study river systems as they are important to the flow of fresh water over wide areas of land (and eventually into our homes) and across continents. Rivers are also an important part of sensitive habitats, especially wetlands. The study of rivers is necessary to ensure the protection of ecologically important habitats.

II FORMATION

A river forms in a watershed, a large area of land from which water contributes to only one stream or river. A watershed is bounded by the ridges or hilltops that divide it from adjacent watersheds, or drainage basins. When rain falls onto hillsides or when snow melts, the water runs downhill and accumulates in streams. A tributary stream eventually joins the main river channel at a confluence. The amount of rain or snow that falls in different parts of a watershed controls the size of a river. For example, the watershed of the Amazon River is 6,000,000 sq km (2,300,000 sq mi), the average rainfall is 2,000 mm (80 in) per year, and the average flow rate is 200,000 cubic meters/second (7,100,000 cubic feet/second, or cfs). In comparison, the watershed of the Mississippi River is 3,000,000 sq km (1,200,000 sq mi), half the size of the Amazon’s. However, the flow rate of the Mississippi River—16,800 cu m/second (593,000 cfs)—is only about one-tenth the flow rate of the Amazon, because less rain falls in the Mississippi watershed. The amount of rainwater that falls and the geology of the watershed also control the drainage pattern of the watershed. The most common type of drainage pattern is called dendritic. This pattern looks like the veins of a leaf. Drainage networks connect all of the areas of the watershed of the river.

In very large rivers, the water comes from rain that may have fallen as far as 6,000 km (4,000 mi) away. During the journey through rills and streams, the water’s flow may erode and deposit sediment in the river’s channel and on its floodplain (see Erosion; Deposit). The biggest rivers usually carry the largest amount of sediment. Yet some of the largest rivers may carry very little sediment because the watershed may not have a lot of sediment. A river carries the most sediment when the flow is the highest. When a river experiences high flows, it fills in (floods) the floodplain, a flat region of a valley surrounding the river channel. As the water first reaches the floodplain, it may erode the sediment on the floodplain. As the flood drains from the floodplain, slower-moving water may deposit sediment onto the floodplain, replacing some of the sediment lost.

III FACTORS THAT SHAPE A RIVER

The combination of erosion and sedimentation in a river’s channel and on its floodplain works to produce the characteristic features of that river. The three major influences on patterns of erosion and deposition are geology, the type of sediment that is present, and the amount of water available. From the perspective of geology, generally a river travels through three zones from its headwaters at the top of the watershed to its mouth. The headwater zone in the mountains or hills is where sediment is supplied from hillsides and transported down steep channels with narrow floodplains. In these narrow, steep canyons, the bed of the river may be covered with large boulders as the river passes through many rapids. When the mountains give way to the plains, the steepness of the river channel will decrease from as high as tens of meters per kilometer, a grade of 1 to 10 percent, to less than 1 meter per kilometer. In this middle zone, although the amount of water may increase, the ability of the river to carve into rock and carry sediment decreases because the river channel is less steep. As the flow decreases, so does the power of the river, and the river loses its ability to transport large material. Gradually, the sediment in the river decreases in size from boulders (larger than 256 mm/10 in in diameter) to cobbles (between 64 and 256 mm/ 2.5 and 10 in) to gravel (between 2 and 64 mm/0.08 and 2.5 in). Eventually, as the steepness continues to decrease, the sediment becomes very fine, consisting mostly of sand, silt, and clay. As the river changes in this middle section, the floodplain widens. The third zone of a river is the zone influenced by the ocean or lake where the river ends. The steepness of the river channel in this zone is usually less than 10 centimeters per kilometer, and the sediment is very fine. If enough sediment settles out of the water in the lowest section of the flow, a river may form a delta. A delta differs from a floodplain because in a delta the river splits into many new channels called distributaries. If not enough sediment settles out to form a delta, the river may meet the sea in an estuary. An estuary is usually a wide channel where the fresh water from the river mixes with the salty seawater.

River features are also affected by the flow rate and the size and duration of floods. Some rivers receive rainfall almost every day in at least part of their watershed. Other rivers, such as those in desert regions, receive water only during brief, intense storms that may cause a flash flood (see Flood Control). The melting of snow and glaciers in the spring is a source of water for many rivers. If a river flows year-round, the river is called a perennial river. Usually a slow, steady inflow from groundwater, or water found underground, provides some of the water of a perennial river. If a river flows only during part of the year, the river is called an ephemeral river. An ephemeral river channel may have lots of water flowing though it during the rainy season but be dry as a bone in the late summer.

In the headwater zone of rivers, floods typically last a short time (less than one day) and are very powerful. In the middle zone the duration of floods increases, but the intensity decreases because the area of the floodplain is larger. At the mouth, or delta section of a river, floods can last for several months.

The water flowing in a perennial river may do a great deal of work, eroding and depositing sediment in the channel and floodplain. A perennial flow has enough time and energy to separate the sediment by size. The water moves coarser particles together in areas of the river where the water flows very fast. It deposits these particles sooner than finer particles, which are lighter and can stay suspended in the slower, less powerful flows. In perennial streams, slower flows that occur within the floodplain area (they are slower because the land is not steep here) deposit the finer particles on the floodplain.

In contrast to a perennial river, an ephemeral river may flow for only a few days. Therefore, for most of the year, additional processes may affect the features of the channel and floodplain. These processes include the action of the wind, the burrowing of animals, the growth of vegetation, and the activity of humans. When flow occurs only for short periods, the water may not sort the sediment and may deposit the particles in a mixture ranging in size from coarse to very fine.

IV RIVER PATTERNS

River patterns, or general shapes, depend on the geologic zone and the climate of the location. There are four river patterns: meandering, braided, anastomosing, and straight. A meandering pattern follows a winding, turning course. A braided pattern has connected channels that resemble a hair braid. An anastomosing river pattern combines features of the meandering and braided patterns. Some river patterns are simply straight channels. Meandering and braided are the most common patterns. Braided and straight patterns are usually located in the mountains or hills below the headwater zone of rivers, while meandering and anastomosing patterns are located in the middle and mouth zones of most rivers.

The Mississippi River is a classic example of a meandering river that has looping bends of different sizes along its valley. Each bend is the result of sediment depositing on the inside of the bend. As sediment deposits gradually build up, a point bar forms on the inside of the bend. The point bar pushes the river flow against the outside bank of the bend, eroding the bank opposite the point bar. Eventually the bend becomes so sharp that the river bypasses it, cutting a straighter path. The arc of the bend is left behind as the river moves past. The arc may form an oxbow lake (also called a billabong), a pool of water enclosed by the arc and riverbank. A meandering river’s bed is usually covered with sand, while the floodplain is filled with silt and clay.

Braided rivers look completely different from meandering rivers. They have many channels that are constantly changing position because of frequent changes in flow rate and sediment supply. The channels of a braided river—such as portions of the Platte River that flow through Nebraska—change course frequently, so the river’s water may cover the entire floodplain on a regular basis. The sediments of braided rivers are usually gravel and cobbles. Sometimes a meandering river may change into a braided river in the middle zone if the supply of sediment increases as a result of farming or grazing activities in the watershed.

Anastomosing rivers combine the bends of meandering rivers with the multiple channels of braided rivers. The sediments are typically sand, silt, and clay. Oxbow lakes may be rare. The Amazon River is an example of an anastomosing river.

Straight rivers are not common. They are typically located in canyons in mountainous areas or exist as the result of engineering structures that force a river into a straight course. Portions of both the Columbia River (between Washington and Oregon) and the Colorado River (in the southwestern United States) flow straight through canyons.

V MEASURING RIVERS

Rivers come in many different sizes. Scientists and geographers rank rivers according to their length, flow rate, or sediment supply. Scientists have traditionally considered the Nile River to be the longest river in the world, although in the 1990s some debate arose as to whether the Amazon River is longer, as new satellite maps revealed a small tributary in the Andes Mountains.

The flow rate of a river is the volume of water that passes a section of the river in a unit of time. Scientists calculate flow rate by multiplying the depth of the river by its width and the speed of the flowing water. Flow rate is usually expressed in cubic meters per second or cubic feet per second (cfs).

Flow rate is an important measurement when examining a river’s size. The average flow rate of the Amazon River is about 200,000 cu m/second (7,100,000 cfs). However, during flood levels the discharge of the Amazon increases to nearly 300,000 cu m/second (10,000,000 cfs). For comparison, the average flow rate of the Mississippi River is 16,800 cu m/second (593,000 cfs), and its flood discharge at St. Louis, Missouri, during the floods in the summer of 1993 was 30,000 cu m/second (1,000,000 cfs).

Scientists measure the amount of sediment in a river in two ways: from a boat or by means of a satellite. Using a boat, they collect a water sample and filter the sediment out of the water. Higher concentrations of sediment cause the water to become more turbid, or cloudy. Using images of rivers collected by satellites, scientists can analyze the color of the water for patterns of sediment concentration in the channel and on the floodplain. During floods, small mountain rivers may have sediment concentrations 1,000 times higher than those of large rivers because the small rivers are still in the mountain zone, where the stream is steep and the sediment supply from hillsides is rapid. For example, during the El Niño storms of 1998, the Santa Clara River in California had sediment concentrations of 60 g/liter (0.5 lb/gallon). In contrast, the Amazon River rarely carries more than 0.3 g/liter (0.003 lb/gallon).

VI IMPORTANCE

Rivers are important to humans because they supply fresh drinking water, serve as home for important fisheries, provide transportation routes, and are the source for irrigation water and hydroelectric power. Humans have used rivers since the beginning of civilization. In Asia, people have revered the life-giving importance of rivers for thousands of years. Many ancient temples are located near streams and rivers that needed protection to ensure high-quality water for society. The Chinese written characters for the word politics express the sense of responsibility for waterways—the literal interpretation of the characters includes the meaning of “protection of water.” Many of the ancient, legendary leaders in China were respected because of their ability to control water so that fields could be irrigated and floods prevented. The first great African civilization began along the banks of the Nile around 5000 bc. The agricultural wealth along the valley of the Nile River gave the pharaohs in ancient Egypt their power. Many pyramids and shrines stood along the banks of the Nile.

Other important aspects of rivers are the ecological characteristics of river channels and floodplains. These areas provide a zone between land and water environments. Floodplains and channels are diverse habitats that support the world’s largest wetlands, which are home to innumerable species of plants and animals. Most of the fish that live in rivers use the channel and floodplain, and in some rivers, the deltas and estuaries, during their life cycle.

VII CONSERVATION AND PRESERVATION

There is increasing uncertainty regarding the possible effects of global climate change on worldwide patterns of rainfall and snowfall. Hence, the conservation and preservation of rivers and their corridors have become even more important. Surveys show that the supply of potable, or drinkable, water is poorly distributed around the globe and that the largest unpolluted rivers are far from the centers of densest population. Human use, especially damming and agricultural use, has affected over 77 percent of the annual discharge of the large rivers in the northern third of the world. Many studies show that there are approximately 36,000 dams over 15 m (45 ft) high that, when full, contain 20 percent of the annual runoff—rainfall not absorbed by soil—for the globe. While offering some benefit to humans, these dams have reduced the ability of rivers to transport water and sediment to the ocean. This change affects the ecology of rivers as well as the biology of the oceans receiving the river water. Some of the oldest dams have stopped functioning because their reservoirs have filled with a huge amount of sediment. Dams also block the passage of fish upstream to spawning grounds. Some of these dams are now being removed and their river corridors restored for fisheries and wetlands, but at a tremendous cost.

The Clean Water Act of 1972 passed by the United States Congress and similar laws in other countries have changed the way that pollution is allowed to enter river systems. In the 1960s some rivers were so badly polluted that they actually caught fire and burned, including, in 1969, the Cuyahoga River in Cleveland, Ohio. Today those once-polluted rivers have new parks on their banks. Conservation of rivers is also important in other parts of the world. People in the countries that share the Rhine River watershed in Europe are working together to help salmon return to the river.

See also Dam; Irrigation; River System; Waterpower.


Contributed By:
Leal A. K. Mertes

Microsoft ® Encarta ® Reference Library 2005. © 1993-2004 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

Cairan Bumi

Liquid Outer Core of EarthScientists used waves generated by earthquakes to determine that the outer core of the earth is liquid. Earthquakes generate P-waves and S-waves within the earth. Shadows occur on the opposite side of the earth from the earthquake epicenter because the outer core reflects S-waves, and bends P-waves. S-waves are reflected because they cannot travel through liquids, and they cast a larger shadow than the bent P-waves. Geologists and seismologists determined the size of the outer core by using the 154-degree arc of the S-wave shadow and measurements taken on the surface of the earth.© Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
Microsoft ® Encarta ® Reference Library 2005. © 1993-2004 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
Earthquake Scales: Modified Mercalli and RichterThe Modified Mercalli and Richter scales are used to rate and compare the intensity of earthquakes. The Modified Mercalli scale is somewhat subjective, because the apparent intensity of an earthquake depends on how far away from its center the observer is located. Rating intensities from I to XII, it describes and rates earthquakes in terms of human reactions and observations. The Richter scale measures the motion of the ground 100 km (60 mi) from the earthquake’s epicenter, or the location on the earth’s surface directly above where the earthquake occurred. The rating scale is logarithmic; each increase of 1 on the scale represents a tenfold increase in the motion of the ground.© Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
Microsoft ® Encarta ® Reference Library 2005. © 1993-2004 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

Sejarah tsunami

Historically Significant Tsunamis
Earth movement, especially under the sea, can cause tsunamis, or large sea waves. Tsunamis can travel at very high rates of speed across hundreds of kilometers of ocean. When a tsunami reaches coastal regions, the wave size increases as the wave travels up from the deep ocean to the shallow coastal areas. Historically, tsunamis have caused much property destruction and loss of life.
Major Tsunamis
Date Origin Effects Death Toll
June 7, 1692 Puerto Rico Trench, Caribbean Port Royal, Jamaica, permanently submerged 2,000
1707 Tokaido-Nankaido, Japan 30,000
October 28, 1746 Lima, Peru 3,800
November 1, 1755 Atlantic Ocean Lisbon destroyed 60,000
February 20, 1835 Peru-Chile Trench Concepción, Chile, destroyed Not Known
December 23, 1854 Nankaido, Japan 3,000
August 8, 1868 Peru-Chile Trench Ships washed several miles inland, town of Arica destroyed 10,000 to 15,000
August 27, 1883 Krakatau Devastation in East Indies 36,0001
June 15, 1896 Japan Trench Swept the east coast of Japan, with waves of 100 ft (30.5 m) at Yoshihimama 27,122
September 30, 1899 Banda Sea, Indonesia 3,620
December 28, 1908 Sicily East coast of Sicily, including Messina and toe of Italy, badly damaged 84,000
March 3, 1933 Japan Trench 9,000 houses and 8,000 ships destroyed in Sanriku district, Honshu 3,000
April 1, 1946 Aleutian Trench Damage to Alaska and Hawaii 159
May 22, 1960 South central Chile Coinciding with a week of earthquakes. Damage to Chile and Hawaii 1,500 (61 in Hawaii)
March 27, 1964 Anchorage, Alaska Severe damage to south coast of Alaska 115
August 23, 1976 Celebes Sea Southwest Philippines struck, devastating Alicia, Pagadian, Cotabato, and Davao 8,000
July 12, 1993 Japan Trench Okushiri Island devastated 200
July 17, 1998 Papua New Guinea, Bismarck Sea Arop, Warapu, Sissano, and Malol, Papua New Guinea, devastated 2,200
December 26, 2004 Indian Ocean, near Sumatra, Indonesia Coastal areas of Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, Thailand, Somalia, Myanmar, Malaysia, and Maldives devastated 250,000
1. 34,000 people died from the tsunami while 2,000 died from fatal burns from the volcanic eruption.


Source: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA);
United States Geological Survey (USGS).

Microsoft ® Encarta ® Reference Library 2005. © 1993-2004 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

Tsunami

TsunamiA tsunami is a very large sea wave that is generated by a disturbance along the ocean floor. This disturbance can be an earthquake, a landslide, or a volcanic eruption. A tsunami is undetectable far out in the ocean, but once it reaches shallow water, this fast-traveling wave grows very large.© Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
Microsoft ® Encarta ® Reference Library 2005. © 1993-2004 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

Epicentrum

Locating EpicentersSeismologists can locate the epicenter of an earthquake by triangulation, a method that involves taking seismographic measurements from at least three separate seismic stations. Seismologists measure the time it takes seismic waves to reach the recording stations, as well as the magnitude of the waves, and triangulate the measurements to calculate the location of the epicenter.© Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
Microsoft ® Encarta ® Reference Library 2005. © 1993-2004 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

Iklim dan cuaca

Untuk Belajar dasar dasar iklim dan cuaca, perhatikan hal-hal berikut ini:
1. angka 1 1 3 2
2. angka terakhir 2 diletakkan pada depan angka sehingga
3. menjadi 21 21 23 22
4. selanjutnhya angka keddua terakhir menjadi awal bulan dan kelipatan
5. 21/3 21/6 23/9 22/12
artinya pada tanggal 21 maret matahari tepat di khatulistiwa, pada tanggal 21 juni matahari garis balik utara, 23 / 9 berada di khatulistiwa dan 22 desember berada di balik utara
apa artinya bagi Wilayah Indonesia ?
coba perhatikan lokasi Indonesia diantara du benua dan dua samudera dan hukum Buys ballot pertama dan kedua. serta hukum aliran udara. udara bergerak dari tekanan tinggi ke tekanan rendah. jika daerah itu panas/ terjadi pemanasan berarti mengalami tekanan rendah karena udara memuai

Senin, 20 April 2009

BELAJAR DAB BERDOA

Kepada para siswa SMA BATIK 1 YANG KUSAYANGI,
Mari kita belajar yang lebih rajin dan jangan lupa sholat dan yang lebih penting lagi adalah Berbakti pada orang tua
Patuh pada Rasul
patuh pada Kedua Orang Tua
Patuh Kepada bapak da ibu Guru
Sayangi teman dan saudara
Ingat ingat jangan lupa Untuk sholat

Jumat, 17 April 2009

Persebaran flora dan fauna

Persebaran Flora & Fauna / Hewan & Tumbuhan Di Indonesia - Ilmu Geografi
Sat, 06/09/2008 - 12:19pm — godam64
Indonesia meliliki keanekaragaman flora dan fauna baik di Indonesia bagian barat, tengah dan timur akibat pengaruh keadaan alam, rintangan alam dan pergerakan hewan di alam bebas. Ketiga wilayah di Indonesia memiliki keunikan dan ciri khas keragaman binatang dan tanaman yang ada di alam bebas.
Alfred Russel Wallace dan Max Wilhelm Carl Weber adalah orang-orang yang mengelompokkan tipe flora dan fauna Indonesia ke dalam tiga kelompok, yaitu :
1. Fauna Asiatis
Wilayah = Indonesia bagian barat (sumatera, jawa, kalimantan hingga selat makassar dan selat lombok)
Hewan = badak, harimau, orangutan, gajah, dsb.
2. Fauna Peralihan dan Fauna Asli
Wilayah = Indonesia bagian tengah (sulawesi dan nusa tenggara)
Hewan = Babi rusa, kuskus, burung maleo, kera, dll.
3. Fauna Australis
Wilayah = Indonesia bagian timur (papua)
Binatang = Burung cendrawasih, burung kakatua, kangguru, dsb.
- Dalam peta persebaran flora dan fauna Indonesia :
Antara fauna tipe asiatis dan peralihan terdapat garis wallace.
Antara fauna tipe peralihan dan tipe australis terdapat garis weber.
Kondisi flora dan fauna di setiap daerah dipengaruhi oleh banyak hal seperti :
1. Tinggi rendah dari permukaan laut
2. Jenis tanah
3. Jenis hutan
4. Iklim
5. Pengaruh manusia, dan lain-lain
• Bunda pun ingin bersama mu Nak

Awalnya berniat cuti 1/2 hari buat ngurus SPT pajak , tapi karena baru kelar tengah hari akhirnya kuputuskan untuk cuti full 1 hari. Terlintas di hati pengen ngasih surprise buat Naila, akhirnya dari Kantor Pajak Aku langsung meluncur ke Sekolahnya. Kebetulan hari ini dia ada kursus CaLisTung (Baca-Tulis-Hitung) jadi pulang sekolahnya memang rada siangan dari biasanya. Tepat jam 1 siang Aku sudah ada di depan sekolahnya, dan duduk di tempat para orang tua atau mbak-mbak dan para suster menunggu. Si Mbak yang biasa menunggui Naila sekolah sengaja ku suruh pulang duluan, karena Aku yang akan menjemput Naila.

Pintu lobby sekolah sudah dibuka, satu persatu murid keluar dan menemui penjemput mereka masing-masing. Dari jauh aku melihat Naila, dan langsung mendekatinya. Tampak dia sangat kaget dan berteriak riang,."Bundaaaaaaa...", Naila menghambur menghampiriku.
"eMbun (panggilan Naila untuk Bunda-red), kok nggak kerja?", Naila penasaran.
"iya, kan bunda mau jemput kakak", aku menggodanya sambil berjalan menuju parkiran.
Setiap berpapasan dengan temannya, Naila selalu berkata "ini bundaku" seolah dia ingin memperkenalkan atau memamerkan kepada teman-temannya bahwa hari ini dia pulang bersama Bunda atau kadang dia juga memperkenalkan teman-temannya yang selama ini hanya ku kenal dari cerita dia "Bunda ini Alissya". Waaah, semuanya diluar dugaan....

Sepanjang perjalanan pulang, Naila tak berhenti bicara mulai soal apa yang dialami di sekolah, teman-temanya sampai kesan dia terhadap surprise yang ku buat hari ini

"eMbun, aku seneng deh pulang dijemput Bunda", celotehnya lagi.
"Iya, eMbun juga seneng bisa jemput kakak"
"eMbun, kenapa siy nggak tiap hari aja jemput kakak?", tanyanya lagi
"hhmm...kan bunda harus ke kantor Chant (Chantik -red - panggilan sayangku buat Naila), lagian kan tiap pagi Bunda udah nganterin kamu berangkat ke sekolah jadi pulang sekolahnya sama Mbak" , dengan hati-hati sekali aku berusaha menjelaskan. Tidak mudah memang memberi pengertian soal ini kepada anak yang baru akan berusia 5 tahun.
"eMbun, kakak seneng dech, kalo Bunda nggak kerja, jadi bisa nganterin dan jemput kakak ke sekolah. Kayak maminya Chintya gitu Bun"
gubraaakks....kata-katanya bagai pisau bermata dua yang mengiris hatiku. Kucoba menguasai keadaan dan mulai berbicara dari hati ke hati dengannya
"Chant, bunda juga seneng kl bisa nganter dan jemput kakak tiap hari, tapi kan Bunda harus kerja sayang, buat cari apa ?", ku coba mencairkan suasana agar nggak terlalu melow.
"Uaaaang", Naila menjawab dengan lantang sambil ketawa. Keriangan kembali muncul di wajahnya
"Hayooo, uangnya buat apa?" kucoba mengalihkan pembicaraan
"Buat beli susu kakak, trus buat sekolah kakak trus buat beli hoka-hoka bentooooo..", Suasana kembali ceria.
"Jadi Bunda boleh kerja nggak niih??" tanya ku menggoda
" Boleh deh he..he..he.." Naila nyengiiir

Dalam hati aku bersyukur, anakku bisa memahami kondisi bundanya. Ahhh...seandainya kamu tau apa yang bunda rasakan Nak, sungguh tak ingin sedetik pun Bunda jauh dari mu. Bunda pun memiliki perasaan yang sama dengan mu Nak, ingin kita selalu bersama. Tapi percayalah, saat ini Bunda sedang mengumpulkan kepingan-kepingan puzzle kehidupan kita yang nantinya akan kita susun menjadi gambaran masa depan yang indah...buat kita.
Semoga..

Dedicated to: all working Mom in the world. Don't be sad, you are a super women .


Cheers,
Bunda Naila
http://bundanaila.blogspot.com/

Bromo Caldera, East Java, Indonesia